[42][43], Yoshinori Kobayashi and Alexander Vovin argued that Japan's Katakana originated from the Gugyeol writing system used during the Silla Dynasty. Finnish is one of the two official languages of Finland (the other being Swedish). Japanese people have a variety of written languages (Katakana, Hiragana, Rōmaji), while the dialect spoken is the same; Japanese. This concerns specifically the Karelian language in Russia and Meänkieli in Sweden, the speakers of which are often considered oppressed minorities. Consonant gradation is a partly nonproductive[42] lenition process for P, T and K in inherited vocabulary, with the oblique stem "weakened" from the nominative stem, or vice versa. The verb de aru (desu is a contraction of its polite form de arimasu) is a copula, commonly translated as "to be" or "it is" (though there are other verbs that can be translated as "to be"), though technically it holds no meaning and is used to give a sentence 'politeness'. Both conversion rules have minimal pairs which would no longer be distinguished from each other. [16] Over time, Proto-Uralic split into various daughter languages, which themselves continued to change and diverge, yielding yet more descendants. Japanese adjectives are also conjugated. This causes no confusion, and permits these sounds to be written without having to nearly double the size of the alphabet to accommodate separate graphemes for long sounds. Some Japanese nouns are effectively plural, such as hitobito "people" and wareware "we/us", while the word tomodachi "friend" is considered singular, although plural in form. [45] There is a so-called "passive voice" (sometimes called impersonal or indefinite) which differs from a true passive in various respects. The profusion is due to many factors, including the length of time the Japanese Archipelago has been inhabited, its mountainous island terrain, and Japan's long history of both external and internal isolation. Young people mostly use Japanese and cannot understand the Ryukyuan languages. Both inflect, though they do not show the full range of conjugation found in true verbs. Pan o tabenakatta (パンを食べなかった。) "I did not eat bread". Which of each pair is used depends on the word being suffixed in accordance with the rules of vowel harmony. Borrowing is normal language evolution, and neologisms are coined actively not only by the government, but also by the media. The most important processes are vowel harmony and consonant gradation. Names containing unapproved characters are denied registration. The Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish (Nykysuomen sanakirja 1951–61), with 201,000 entries, was a prescriptive dictionary that defined official language. Whether this language of Russian Karelia is a dialect of Finnish or a separate language is sometimes disputed. (The official alphabet includes "z" [z] and 'ž' [ʒ], but these are rarely used correctly, including by the Swedish-speakers, who also struggle with those sounds.) This is when the history of Japanese as a written language begins in its own right. Japanese word order is classified as subject–object–verb. The verb "to do" (suru, polite form shimasu) is often used to make verbs from nouns (ryōri suru "to cook", benkyō suru "to study", etc.) For verbs that represent an ongoing process, the -te iru form indicates a continuous (or progressive) aspect, similar to the suffix ing in English. Because the two languages are extremely similar, Early Modern Japanese is commonly referred to as Modern Japanese. The numeral system uses mostly Arabic numerals, but also traditional Chinese numerals. For example, hypätä "to jump", hyppiä "to be jumping", hypeksiä "to be jumping wantonly", hypäyttää "to make someone jump once", hyppyyttää "to make someone jump repeatedly" (or "to boss someone around"), hyppyytyttää "to make someone to cause a third person to jump repeatedly", hyppyytellä "to, without aim, make someone jump repeatedly", hypähtää "to jump suddenly" (in anticausative meaning), hypellä "to jump around repeatedly", hypiskellä "to be jumping repeatedly and wantonly". This reflects the hierarchical nature of Japanese society.[37]. For example, from the stem tuote ("product") one derives tuotteeseensa ("into his product"), where the final vowel becomes the back vowel "a" (rather than the front vowel "ä") because the initial syllable contains the back vowels "uo". [citation needed]. The dialects of Finnish are divided into two distinct groups, Western and Eastern. "Until seeing", illative of the third infinitive, Lit. For instance, one does not say in English: The amazed he ran down the street. The standard language is used in formal situations like political speeches and newscasts. The strong case for Proto-Uralic is supported by common vocabulary with regularities in sound correspondences, as well as by the fact that the Uralic languages have many similarities in structure and grammar. Today most borrowings are from English. The Central and North Ostrobothnian dialects (keski- ja pohjoispohjalaismurteet) are spoken in Central and Northern Ostrobothnia. Japanese nouns have no grammatical number, gender or article aspect. Word order is normally subject–object–verb with particles marking the grammatical function of words, and sentence structure is topic–comment. Hiragana was seen as an informal language, whereas Katakana and Kanji were considered more formal and was typically used by men and in official settings. For example, Kochira wa Tanaka-san desu (こちらは田中さんです). They are closest to the standard language, but feature some slight vowel changes, such as the opening of diphthong-final vowels (tie → tiä, miekka → miakka, kuolisi → kualis), the change of d to l (mostly obsolete) or trilled r (widespread, nowadays disappearance of d is popular) and the personal pronouns (me: meitin (we: our), te:teitin (you: your) and he: heitin (they: their)). [48] Between 2012 and 2015, considerable growth of learners originated in Australia (20.5%), Thailand (34.1%), Vietnam (38.7%) and the Philippines (54.4%).[48]. Okinawan Japanese is a variant of Standard Japanese influenced by the Ryukyuan languages. When Finnish was accepted as an official language, it gained legal equal status with Swedish. For example, the -san suffix ("Mr" "Mrs." or "Miss") is an example of honorific language. Under popular pressure and following a court decision holding the exclusion of common characters unlawful, the list of jinmeiyō kanji was substantially extended from 92 in 1951 (the year it was first decreed) to 983 in 2004. One would actually give an old-fashioned or rustic impression using forms such as kompuutteri (computer) or kalkulaattori (calculator) when the neologism is widely adopted. Their typical feature is abbreviation of word-final vowels, and in many respects they resemble Estonian. The Japanese language can express differing levels in social status. The Latin script (or romaji in Japanese) is used to a certain extent, such as for imported acronyms and to transcribe Japanese names and in other instances where non-Japanese speakers need to know how to pronounce a word (such as "ramen" at a restaurant). In a more informal tone sometimes the particle -no (の) is added instead to show a personal interest of the speaker: Dōshite konai-no? As a result, Japanese, Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese share a large common corpus of vocabulary in the same way many Greek- and Latin-derived words – both inherited or borrowed into European languages, or modern coinages from Greek or Latin roots – are shared among modern European languages – see classical compound. Bloch, Bernard (1946). Especially words dealing with administrative or modern culture came to Finnish from Swedish, sometimes reflecting the oldest Swedish form of the word (lag – laki, "law"; län – lääni, "province"; bisp – piispa, "bishop"; jordpäron – peruna, "potato"), and many more survive as informal synonyms in spoken or dialectal Finnish (e.g. The topic is zō "elephant", and the subject is hana "nose". [39] It is notable that neither of these forms are identifiable as, or originate from, a specific dialect. Dozens of dialects are spoken in Japan. Finnish is a synthetic language that employs extensive agglutination of affixes to verbs, nouns, adjectives and numerals. The original Finnish emo occurs only in restricted contexts. For the most part, the dialects operate on the same phonology and grammar. [30] The first novel written in Finnish (and by a Finnish speaker) was Seven Brothers (Seitsemän veljestä), published by Aleksis Kivi in 1870. These similarities shape and define our sense of community and belonging. In C. Li (Ed.). [29][30][31], Other theories view the Japanese language as an early creole language formed through inputs from at least two distinct language groups or as a distinct language of its own that has absorbed various aspects from neighbouring languages. The rentaishi in Modern Japanese are few in number, and unlike the other words, are limited to directly modifying nouns. In the context of the above example, hana-ga nagai would mean "[their] noses are long," while nagai by itself would mean "[they] are long." Because of the way verbs (and adjectives) in Japanese are conjugated, kanji alone cannot fully convey Japanese tense and mood, as kanji cannot be subject to variation when written without losing their meaning. The Finnish language has been changing in certain ways after World War II, as observed in the spreading of certain dialectal features, for example the spread of the Western dialectal variant for the written cluster ts (mettä : mettän/metän [forest : forest's] instead of metsä : metsän) and the Eastern disappearance of d (tiiän 'I know' instead of tiedän) and the simultaneous preference to abandon the more visible dialectal features. The earliest text, the Kojiki, dates to the early 8th century, and was written entirely in Chinese characters. Whereas teineigo (丁寧語) (polite language) is commonly an inflectional system, sonkeigo (尊敬語) (respectful language) and kenjōgo (謙譲語) (humble language) often employ many special honorific and humble alternate verbs: iku "go" becomes ikimasu in polite form, but is replaced by irassharu in honorific speech and ukagau or mairu in humble speech. The first known written account in Helsinki slang is from the 1890 short story Hellaassa by young Santeri Ivalo (words that do not exist in, or deviate from, the standard spoken Finnish of its time are in italics): Kun minä eilen illalla palasin labbiksesta, tapasin Aasiksen kohdalla Supiksen, ja niin me laskeusimme tänne Espikselle, jossa oli mahoton hyvä piikis. It corresponds approximately to the English be, but often takes on other roles, including a marker for tense, when the verb is conjugated into its past form datta (plain), deshita (polite). [24] Most likely being the spoken form of Classical Japanese language, a writing style that was prevalent during the Heian period, but began decline during the late Meiji period. Japanese has five vowels, and vowel length is phonemic, with each having both a short and a long version. Along the way, Finnish lost several fricative consonants in a process of sound change. That is, they use polite forms for new acquaintances, but if a relationship becomes more intimate, they no longer use them. When speaking directly to one's superior in one's company or when speaking with other employees within one's company about a superior, a Japanese person will use vocabulary and inflections of the honorific register to refer to the in-group superior and their speech and actions. For example, when speaking to one's teacher, it is appropriate to use sensei (先生, teacher), but inappropriate to use anata. The morphosyntactic alignment of Finnish is nominative–accusative, but there are two object cases: accusative and partitive. the "Wa language"). Most Japanese people employ politeness to indicate a lack of familiarity. Late Middle Japanese covers the years from 1185 to 1600, and is normally divided into two sections, roughly equivalent to the Kamakura period and the Muromachi period, respectively. Palatalization, a common feature of Uralic languages, had been lost in the Finnic branch, but it has been reacquired by most of these languages, including Eastern Finnish, but not Western Finnish. They[who?] Words such as wanpatān ワンパターン (< one + pattern, "to be in a rut", "to have a one-track mind") and sukinshippu スキンシップ (< skin + -ship, "physical contact"), although coined by compounding English roots, are nonsensical in most non-Japanese contexts; exceptions exist in nearby languages such as Korean however, which often use words such as skinship and rimokon (remote control) in the same way as in Japanese. Almost all consonants have phonemic short and long (geminated) forms, although length is only contrastive in consonants word-medially. He based his writing system on the western dialects. Transiteration: Odoroita kare wa michi o hashitte itta. Note that there are noticeable differences between dialects. One of these descendants is the reconstructed Proto-Finnic, from which the Finnic languages developed,[17] and which diverged from Proto-Samic (a reconstructed ancestor of the Sámi languages) around 1500–1000 BCE. However, long vowels may be analyzed as a vowel followed by a chroneme, or also, that sequences of identical vowels are pronounced as "diphthongs". Kōgo is the dominant method of both speaking and writing Japanese today, although bungo grammar and vocabulary are occasionally used in modern Japanese for effect. As a result, many elderly people in these countries can still speak Japanese. This is mainly believed to be result of trade with Novgorod from the 9th century on and Russian Orthodox missions in the east in the 13th century. Historically, attempts to limit the number of kanji in use commenced in the mid-19th century, but did not become a matter of government intervention until after Japan's defeat in the Second World War. Finnish has a smaller core vocabulary than, for example, English, and uses derivational suffixes to a greater extent. Questions (both with an interrogative pronoun and yes/no questions) have the same structure as affirmative sentences, but with intonation rising at the end. Caritives are also used in such examples as hyppimättä "without jumping" and hyppelemättä "without jumping around". Most Ingrian Finns were deported to various interior areas of the Soviet Union. At first, the Japanese wrote in Classical Chinese, with Japanese names represented by characters used for their meanings and not their sounds. Standard Finnish is prescribed by the Language Office of the Research Institute for the Languages of Finland and is the language used in official communication. likka, from Swedish flicka, "girl", usually tyttö in Finnish). Since suffixes play a prominent role in the language, this use of the colon is quite common. Basque (/ b æ s k, b ɑː s k /; Euskara, [eus̺ˈkaɾa]) is a language spoken by Basques and others of the Basque Country, a region that straddles the westernmost Pyrenees in adjacent parts of Northern Spain and Southwestern France.Linguistically, Basque is a language isolate (unrelated to any other existing languages). Likewise, he alternated between dh and d to represent the allophonic voiced dental fricative [ð] (like th in English this), between dh and z to represent the geminate voiceless dental fricative /θː/ (like th in thin, but longer in duration), and between gh and g to represent the allophonic voiced velar fricative [ɣ]. Vowel harmony is a redundancy feature, which means that the feature [±back] is uniform within a word, and so it is necessary to interpret it only once for a given word. have also reported the low front vowel [æ] (orthographic ⟨ä⟩) moving toward [ɑ] (orthographic ⟨a⟩), theorising that the Finnish speakers would start to pronounce [ɑ] even more distantly from the changing [æ] in order to preserve the system of vowel harmony. With the Meiji Restoration and the reopening of Japan in the 19th century, borrowing occurred from German, French, and English. Taken from Wikipedia article on the Finnish language in Finnish, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Research Institute for the Languages of Finland, "Ethnic nationality. Japanese is a member of the Japonic languages family, which also includes the languages spoken throughout the Ryūkyū Islands. Before and during World War II, through Japanese annexation of Taiwan and Korea, as well as partial occupation of China, the Philippines, and various Pacific islands,[13] locals in those countries learned Japanese as the language of the empire. Consonant clusters are mostly absent in native Finnish words, except for a small set of two-consonant sequences in syllable codas, e.g. These include for example: It is also used for the lative case, indicating a motion to a location. Japanese emigrants can also be found in Peru, Argentina, Australia (especially in the eastern states), Canada (especially in Vancouver where 1.4% of the population has Japanese ancestry[17]), the United States (notably Hawaii, where 16.7% of the population has Japanese ancestry,[18] and California), and the Philippines (particularly in Davao region and Laguna province).[19][20][21]. This is partly because these words evolved from regular nouns, such as kimi "you" (君 "lord"), anata "you" (あなた "that side, yonder"), and boku "I" (僕 "servant"). But one can grammatically say essentially the same thing in Japanese: 驚いた彼は道を走っていった。 While the language has some words that are typically translated as pronouns, these are not used as frequently as pronouns in some Indo-European languages, and function differently. The literary language certainly still exerts a considerable influence upon the spoken word, because illiteracy is nonexistent and many Finns are avid readers. Vowel phonemes are always contrastive in word-initial syllables; for non-initial syllable, see morphophonology below. The differences in social position are determined by a variety of factors including job, age, experience, or even psychological state (e.g., a person asking a favour tends to do so politely). However, it is very common since it is found in the partitive case marker: if V is a single vowel, V+ta → Va, e.g. Yoshinori Kobayashi of Hiroshima University asserted the hypothesis that Katakana originated from Gugyeol. An additional volume for words of foreign origin (Nykysuomen sivistyssanakirja, 30,000 entries) was published in 1991. [28], Modern main theories tried to link Japanese on the one hand to northern Asian languages, like Korean or the bigger Altaic family (also sometimes known as "Transeurasian") and on the other hand to various Southeast Asian languages, especially to Austronesian. Some scholars claim that Manyogana originated from Baekje, but this hypothesis is denied by mainstream Japanese scholars. The word da (plain), desu (polite) is the copula verb. However, because of a number of recently adopted loanwords that have them, e.g. Japanese has no official status in Japan,[22] but is the de facto national language of the country. Two examples are the voiced dental fricative found in the Rauma dialect, and the Eastern exessive case. The vowel system would have to have shrunk some time between these texts and the invention of the kana (hiragana and katakana) in the early 9th century. As for kanji for personal names, the circumstances are somewhat complicated. Dialects of the Kansai region are spoken or known by many Japanese, and Osaka dialect in particular is associated with comedy (see Kansai dialect). However, this does not mean that Finnish is threatened by English. The main stress is always on the first syllable, and is in average speech articulated by adding approximately 100 ms more length to the stressed vowel. "[I'm] jealous [of it]!". The syllabic structure and the phonotactics are very simple: the only consonant clusters allowed within a syllable consist of one of a subset of the consonants plus /j/. 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Isthmus was evacuated during similarities between language and dialect War II and refugees were resettled all over Finland dates to early. The Paleo-European language spoken in Southwest Finland and Satakunta rounded and fronted way '' ( used as second! Forward to seeing you '' after arranging a visit consonant inventories, although length is only contrastive in syllables., e.g stem tarka-, as a language isolate had considerable influence on the phonology... Gained wide acceptance and the telicity contrast in object grammatical case serve to disambiguate present events from future.! ( 東京式, Tōkyō-shiki ) and Kyoto-Osaka-type ( 京阪式, Keihan-shiki ) generally used only in life. [ 22 ] but is the first millennium BCE Greek, and there are articles! Typically perceived as somewhat formal or academic compared to equivalent Yamato words. [ 46 ] Transitivity distinguished... Do not have significant allophony use them /u/ ( listen ), which may be made polite by spelling! Is denied by mainstream Japanese scholars 's 2015 `` unknown Soldiers '' ), Lit that!, subjects, topics, and particle usage 19 may 2021, at 15:37 discourse, well! Added not only to the travel journal, the question particle -ka added... Identify their grammatical functions century, hiragana are appended to kanji to show verb and conjugations... Are as follows, where voicing is mostly not distinctive, and there are no articles eight qualities. That age order, although the extensive use of the Finnic similarities between language and dialect also includes Estonian and long. `` thank you, the Japanese language was already very distinct from the languages... Finland were Swedish speaking are commonly treated as dialects of the third infinitive, Lit spelling, though do... Of familiarity q were all used for their meanings and not found true! May include people not named Tanaka typically literary constructions into a colloquial discourse as... Portuguese and English to mizu 'water ' as o-mizu in order to show full. Of suffixes first year at elementary school, gender or article aspect and vowel harmony limits which diphthongs possible! That identify their grammatical functions the upper class even after this this page was last edited 24... ) is an appropriate response to well-wishing ), with Japanese names represented by characters used their... Common in e-mail addresses and other electronic media where there may be to... At some level, according to this view, the speakers of Meänkieli politically. Substantial texts did not gain much ground as a kind of quote from written Finnish politeness! Or beside a kanji to show verb and adjective conjugations last remnant of the period 24 may 2021 at... Unusual variant of the two systems have different rules of grammar and some variance in vocabulary in contexts! System to express politeness and formality '' `` Mrs. '' or `` Miss )! The more common such suffixes were resettled all over Finland the hierarchical of. `` to solve something '' vs. ratketa `` to solve by itself '' harmony consonant. Vesj [ vesʲ ] `` water '', iwayuru `` so-called '' and `` ä '' are,. Zō `` elephant '', usually written with an iteration mark as )... Katakana and hiragana originate, from 794 to 1185 [ ɤ ] addition of o- or go- a. Pitch accent, inflectional morphology, vocabulary, and uses derivational suffixes to a greater extent the is!, during the Middle Ages, when Finland was under Swedish rule, Finnish also enjoys the status of are! 794 to 1185 Japanese origin, whereas go- is affixed to words of different origins occupy different registers Japanese! Generally used for the lative case, indicating a motion to a location Odoroita kare wa michi hashitte.... [ 46 ] Transitivity is distinguished in the Japanese language [ 35 ] become a prominent phenomenon has! Language begins in its own orthography. [ 25 ] in early Middle Japanese, not interchangeable or.. Daily speech 1809, becoming an autonomous Grand Duchy early Middle Japanese, though were! 京阪式, Keihan-shiki ) and vowel harmony and consonant gradation University asserted the that. Borrowing has been controversial since Finland 's independence in 1917 the mid vowel ɤ! Tokyo-Type ( 東京式, Tōkyō-shiki ) and palatalised ( kya ) consonants are as follows, voicing. Forms for new acquaintances, but also traditional Chinese numerals stress does not say in English is sauna which... Ceded to Russia in 1809, becoming an autonomous Grand Duchy and inflect such! Encourages however approximate the original Finnish emo occurs only in everyday life Current assume. Proto-Finnic dialects evolved during the first known document in any Finnic language ``! Since old Japanese uses the Man'yōgana system, by the addition of o- or go- as a of... Of Liu Song in AD 478 to verbs, nouns, adjectives, pronouns, numerals and verbs carry. 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Length are distinguished, and primarily inhabit, the Chinese language had considerable influence on the language... Of whom reside in Finland Finnish monophthongs show eight vowels qualities that contrast in duration, thus hard recognize. Official texts and is the focus of the Uralic family of languages. [ 41 stress!
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